From cold clouds to cosmic beacons, this saga traces how gravity, fusion, and death sculpt stars and galaxies.
Stars form in cold clouds when gravity overcomes pressure, creating protostars that glow in infrared.
As gas falls in, core temp rises; a protostar gathers mass from a surrounding disk and initiates fusion.
Hydrogen fusion balances gravity; mass determines brightness, temperature, and lifetime along the main sequence.
Hydrogen fuel wanes, shells burn, and the star swells into a red giant before helium ignition reshapes it.
Mass decides fate: white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes, and their roles in galaxies.
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