Understanding climate as long-term patterns shaped by energy, oceans, and human choices.
Weather is daily state; climate is long-term patterns that shape possibilities.
Solar geometry, latitude, and topography carve distinct climate belts and zones.
Oceans store heat, drive currents, and modulate regional climates and variability.
Ice cores, tree rings, and sediments reconstruct past climates and changes.
Rising greenhouse gases link to observed warming and attribution to human activity.
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