Ottomans fail at crossing the canal; water scarcity triggers a logistical rethink that reshapes the war.

The railway and pipeline push lifeblood into the Sinai, enabling deeper British advances.

Allenby seizes Beersheba's wells with a mounted charge, turning the flank.

Gaza stalemate tests myth of desert ease; Murray is replaced by Allenby.

Jerusalem falls; Megiddo ends the campaign and redraws the map.

Mandates, Zionism, and Arab promises set borders and wars for decades.