French troops refuse the Nivelle plan, turning a battlefield into a vote of no confidence.

Disillusionment grows as promises of victory give way to mass casualties and stalled offensives.

Petain mitigates mutiny with listening, improved conditions, and selective punishment to restore cohesion.

Russia’s front unravels as Order Number One and the Kerensky Offensive spark revolution in uniform.

Caporetto, Kiel, and broader declines show mutiny’s spread beyond France and Russia.

Mutinies force a rethink of strategy, morale, and state legitimacy in war and politics.