Overview of Spitfire, Mustang, and Zero and how design, training, and doctrine define their roles.

Spitfire and Bf 109 duel amid radar control, range limits, and evolving energy tactics.

Zero’s maneuverability and the shift to energy fighting with Allied counter-tactics and the Mustang’s rise.

Long-range Mustangs reshape bomber strategy through persistent escort and offensive counter-air.

Adaptation, doctrine vs. initiative, and enduring principles guiding modern air combat.