Listen to a Podcast About Epigenetics

Discover how gene expression can be modified without changing DNA sequence. Explore environmental influences, transgenerational inheritance, and the implications for health and disease.

The Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-45 provided landmark evidence for transgenerational epigenetic effects, with research showing that children and even grandchildren of women who were pregnant during the famine had higher rates of obesity and cardiovascular disease. DNA methylation, one of the primary epigenetic mechanisms, involves adding methyl groups to cytosine bases — and studies of identical twins show their methylation patterns diverge significantly as they age, explaining why genetically identical individuals develop different diseases. Conrad Waddington coined the term "epigenetics" in 1942, but the molecular mechanisms were not understood until the 1990s when researchers identified histone modifications and DNA methylation as heritable regulators of gene expression.

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